诺斯费拉图：夜晚的幽灵

To Be Read Aloud in His Voice, Obviously

转载自：Lithub

ByWernerHerzog December 16, 2019

A gloomy moon shines on the silhouette of a gloomy castle. The coach drives through an arched doorway into a sort of forecourt. Harker climbs out, and the coachman indicates with an imperious gesture that he should mount the steps before him. Harker remains standing indecisively before a large, closed portal. As he is mustering the courage to knock, the leaves of the door creak, and slowly, very slowly they swing open of their own accord. Inside all is dark.

Out of the darkness emerges an almost rigid figure in a tight-fitting black jacket. Its shoulders hunch forward slightly, and its hands are cramped together. The legs appear to be long and thin, and the fingers seem to be long as well, pale, with elongated claw-like nails. The face is as pale as a corpse, the head completely bald. The ears are crumpled, and pointed like a bat’s.

The eyes that stare at Jonathan cause us, like him, to shudder. Count Dracula? Jonathan asks. Yes, he is Count Dracula, and he welcomes him to his castle. He has been expecting him and invites him to enter. The night is cold, and he must be tired and hungry, the Count says.

Dracula takes a lit candle from a ledge along the wall and lights the way. When he holds the candle in front of himself for a moment, Harker thinks he can see the light shining through his body. But that effect disappears almost at once, for the Count takes pains to keep the candle to one side of his body. The door creaks shut behind them.

*

The dining hall, lit by candles. A fire flickers in the fireplace, casting crazy shadows on the walls and ceiling. The table, chairs, and other furniture very large. A long oak table and chairs with high, uncomfortable backs. We can tell how thick the walls are by the embrasures of the windows, which are barred. Despite its generous proportions, the room feels gloomy and inhospitable.

Two trunks with iron fittings, apparently locked for centuries. On the table stands an iron candelabrum from the late Middle Ages, and indeed everything here seems to originate in that period. The table is set with a sumptuous meal, but for only one person.

Dracula takes the seat at the head of the table and places Harker beside him where the meal prepared for the guest has been laid out. Harker hesitates, not sure at first how to break the silence; out of embarrassment he begins to talk business, producing the papers on the house and a letter from Renfield. He explains that the folded sheet of paper contains the layout of the house, which will certainly be of interest to the Count. Dracula pays it no mind, however; he has his eye fixed on Jonathan. He should help himself, he says softly; unfortunately he will have to dine alone.

The knife slips and slices into his thumb. In a flash Dracula is standing beside him, grasping his wrist.

It is almost midnight, and at this hour he, the Count, does not eat. Unfortunately, too, the servants are not available now, so Jonathan should allow him, the Count, to see to his comfort. Dracula speaks with exceptional courtesy, all in a very soft voice. Something about it conveys menace; his very presence fills us with trepidation.

Jonathan overcomes his nervousness and begins to eat heartily. The long journey has indeed made him hungry, and he applies himself enthusiastically to the wine. After a while he senses he is being watched intently and looks up. We see Dracula from close up. He is hiding his face behind Renfield’s letter, which is encoded in almost illegible hieroglyphs. Slowly he raises his eyes from the page. His gaze meets Harker’s. Both hold their breath for a moment, and then Harker resumes eating. Suddenly a small grandfather clock buzzes and begins to strike.

The clock close up. With every strike a little skeleton hits a small anvil with an ax. At the stroke of 12 a door opens, and the figure of death appears, holding a scythe. It swishes the scythe mechanically through the air, then disappears jerkily behind its door.

Dracula is highly aroused. He pricks up his ears. Suddenly the grisly howling of wolves can be heard from outside. Listen, Dracula says, those are the children of night. What music they make! He notices Harker’s terror, but then Harker catches himself and assumes a sheep-like expression. Ah, young man, Dracula sighs, as a city dweller he, Jonathan, cannot place himself in the soul of a huntsman.

Harker has become shaky and does not pay proper attention as he cuts himself a piece of bread. The knife slips and slices into his thumb. In a flash Dracula is standing beside him, grasping his wrist. He is about to apply his mouth to the blood, but Harker’s alarmed reaction causes him to pause. A terrible conflict takes place inside the Count. Then he releases Harker’s hand, excusing himself with the argument that the knife might be contaminated and Harker could end up with blood poisoning.

He should let him suck the wound—the oldest cure in the world. But Jonathan declines politely, saying it is nothing, a tiny cut like that is not worth mentioning. But to Dracula the wound proves irresistible; he can no longer control himself—or can he? No, he refuses to allow himself to show his true face so soon. He turns away, starting to return to his seat. But as he turns, his hand, as if no longer in his power, darts toward Harker’s, and faster than the speed of light seizes it like a steel claw.

The rest of Dracula’s body spins as if electrified, and at that same moment his mouth attaches itselfto Harker’s thumb like a leech. For several seconds the two of them remain motionless, until the vampire lets go, as if struck by a blow. He recoils at his own loss of self-control. Jonathan should understand, he says, he wants only the best for him.

Harker, by now on his feet, backs away and falls into a large leather chair near the fire. The flitting shadows of the flames are joined by two large fluttering, flitting bats. Slowly, very slowly the vampire approaches. They should stay up together, he says softly; sunrise is still a long way off, and during the day he is always out and about. Overcome with nightmarish fear, Harker shrinks deep into the armchair.

*

Lucy’s room. She is tossing and turning, tormented by dark dreams, when a slight sound makes her sit up suddenly, her hair wild. She looks like someone who is not yet awake. The window is open, and the curtains stir slightly in the nocturnal breeze. A large black bat has become tangled in a curtain, where it is jerking its wings and clinging to the fabric with its hook-like claws. Its mouth gapes wide as it squeaks venomously. At the sound an abrupt, inexplicable shock courses through Lucy’s body.

*

Harker, still in the heavy leather armchair, opens his eyes and looks around, drunk with sleep. Only with difficulty can he shake off the oppressive dreams he had during the night. What happened? Where is he? He looks around and recognizes the room, which only now, in the daylight, reveals its shabbiness. The heavy draperies are moth-eaten; there are spider webs in the corners, and dust is everywhere, as if the place has been unoccupied for decades. A ray of light enters through one of the windows, shining directly on Jonathan. Strange, hollow notes of a fiddle can be heard from outside, like someone practicing runs.

Harker yawns. His eye is drawn to his thumb, and he remembers cutting himself. He touches his neck. What is this? A mosquito bite? He gets up and goes over to a mirror on the wall. Hesees two puncture wounds side by side, not large, not conspicuous, but certainly odd. For a moment Harker is taken aback, but then we can see that he rejects the thought that has occurred to him. He inspects his surroundings more thoroughly. He sees that the table has been set, quite obviously for him. It veritably groans with dishes.

Before he sits down to eat, however, Harker takes a closer look around. The main entrance is securely locked, but a door to one side of the dining hall is open. He wonders where his luggage might be; it is missing. The side door takes Jonathan into a strange, gloomy corridor, almost like a dark tunnel. From there a small door opens into a room with a bay window. Ah, there are Harker’s travel bag and the saddlebags, neatly placed on a chair, along with his coat and hat. A bed, a candelabrum, a few pieces of furniture, all in manorial style.

The castle here is so unreal that sometimes I am tempted to believe it is just a figment of my dreams.

The bay window juts out like the prow of a ship, offering a view of a bright day and wooded mountains. Not a house, not a village in sight. A strange, unreal wind seems to blow through the castle, which seems like something in a dream. Harker pokes his head out the window, high above the ground. Far below yawns part of the inner courtyard. Down there in a niche he spies a ragged gypsy boy, practicing his fiddle with utmost concentration. Harker calls to him, but the boy is so engrossed that he does not hear him. An air of mystery surrounds the lad.

Next we see Harker stepping through a door into the courtyard, but now no one is there, although the fiddling can still be heard, clearly and unmistakably.

Harker continues exploring the castle. The gloomy corridor up above extends all around the castle, with other smallish rooms with bay windows opening off it. He comes upon an old kitchen, equipped with a stove but no other appurtenances. All the exits are locked up tight. Before Harker wends his way back to the dining hall, he opens a door into what turns out to be the library.

A strange, gloomy, dusty space with barred windows. Bookshelves up to the ceiling, with thousands of volumes, left unread for decades. In a gallery reached by a short staircase a collection of stuffed birds and other animals. All these rigid objects placed without rhyme or reason. The passage of time has faded the collection to the point that none of the natural colors remain.

Harker returns to the dining hall and sits down calmly to eat. The fact that he cannot get out of the castle seems not to preoccupy him. For now his bodily needs are well met. From outside the fiddling can be heard, disconcertingly hollow.

*

Jonathan is sitting at the window and staring out, deep in reverie. In his hand he holds the medallion with Lucy’s portrait. He pauses and looks at it attentively. Then he extracts a notebook and writing instrument from of his saddlebag, reflects for a bit, and begins to write. His handwriting is fluid but full of character, and we can read along.

Lucy, my dearest, he writes. There is no postal service here through which I might send word to you, so I shall keep a journal, in which I can record all my thoughts and feelings for you at home. So last night, after a toilsome journey, I reached my destination in Transylvania, the castle of Count Dracula.

He breaks off and looks out through the shattered panes of his window. Outside wind tosses the crowns of the large trees. Ravens screech. Jonathan resumes writing: I had oppressive dreams last night and hope that will pass. They have left me feeling torpid, but perhaps that also comes from the insect bites on my neck. Ah, well, I hope to bring my business with the Count to a happy conclusion this evening. The castle here is so unreal that sometimes I am tempted to believe it is just a figment of my dreams.

文_发不沾霓

1922年，德国表现主义时期的电影大师茂瑙第一次将德古拉伯爵的故事搬上银幕，给当时的观众造成了极大的恐慌。吸血鬼德古拉的形象更是在随后的电影里被无数次地重现和颠覆。纵向来看，赫尔佐格的这部［诺斯费拉图：夜晚的幽灵］，有茂瑙的［诺斯费拉图］在前、科波拉的［惊情四百年］在后，它能在众多的电影里脱颖而出而与两者齐名，所仰仗的，正是精心的场面排布和演员戏剧化的表演。 三幕悲剧 从故事上来看，赫尔佐格的这部作品更接近茂瑙的［诺斯费拉图］，而茂瑙的那部作品则脱胎自布拉姆·斯托克的小说《德拉库拉》，当年因为无法搞定版权的问题，茂瑙不得不对原作进行一些修改，例如将德古拉伯爵的名字改为“诺斯费拉图”，以及对男女主人公和德古拉以外所有角色的轻描淡写。到了赫尔佐格拍摄这部电影的时候，已经不存在版权的问题了，但他依旧沿用了“诺斯费拉图”这个更为深邃的名字以及茂瑙的剧本框架，然后进行了一些细节上的润色和修改，比如他改回了原著小说里人物的名字（不过赫尔佐格将原著中露西和米娜所对应人物的名字对调了一下）。除此之外，原版电影的历史地位虽不可撼动，但过于老套的故事本身还是不太适合1970年代的语境，于是赫尔佐格稍作调整，将一个正邪对立的老套故事，变成了一出由男女主角哈克和露西，以及德古拉伯爵三人所构成的互相交织的悲剧。 哈克每天尽心尽力地工作，为的是让妻子过上更好的日子，于是面对上司所托付的艰难任务——前往“吸血鬼之乡”特兰西瓦尼亚与神秘的德古拉伯爵会面，他毫不犹豫地接受了。哈克与妻子道别，踏上了艰险而漫长的旅途。路人口中所提到的有关德古拉所居古堡的骇人传闻，以及他所翻看的有关吸血鬼的书，都没有使他退缩。见到了德古拉后，他却被软禁在了古堡里，白天受着思念爱妻的煎熬，夜晚又遭到了德古拉的袭击。当德古拉动身前往哈克所居住的小镇寻找露西时，哈克才得以逃脱，历尽艰险赶回家乡，但病魔的侵袭令他记忆全失，他对爱人的记忆与他源于责任的爱一起消失了。 德古拉是个忍受孤独数百年的可怜老者，在他与哈克见面的第一次晚餐上，他进行了一番诚挚的内心独白。他虽有不死之身，却无刻骨之爱，他乞求露西给他一点爱，但同时又必须接受本能的驱使。毫无疑问，这是注入了人性的德古拉，他所需要的是他永远得不到的爱，他所厌倦的是世人所追求的永恒，就像《无间道》里所唱的“生存往往比命运还残酷”，德古拉所直面的残酷恰是夜复一夜的血液和孤独。 露西的角色可以视作忠贞的典范，也正是她对丈夫的忠贞不渝满足了“圣洁少女能使吸血鬼忘记公鸡的初啼”这一条件，才成功解决掉了德古拉“造福人类”。露西与德古拉的第一次会面，就被要求将自己对丈夫爱的一部分献给德古拉，而露西却坚定地说：“休想！我甚至不会把这份爱给上帝！”露西对哈克的爱也没能迎来完满，当爱人归来却陷入失忆；当德古拉的噩梦不断浮现；当小镇上的人们相继死去，丧失所爱的露西以死亡作为归宿，充当除魔的祭品。 神经质女神遭遇情绪化魔鬼 吸血鬼之所以迷人，是因为他们神秘的习性和悲剧性的命运，他们高贵、冷酷，同时又带着捉摸不透引人发狂的危险。但是这种迷人的特质经过岁月沉淀之后已经有些变味，如今吸血鬼身上的危险因子似已不见踪迹，原本令人敬畏三分的吸血鬼们变得温柔可亲，从［夜访吸血鬼］到［暮光之城］，吸血鬼的外形愈发俊秀，举止愈发儒雅。而恐怖，这一吸血鬼最初得以深入人心的特征已经被时代所淘汰。回到赫尔佐格的［诺斯费拉图］，在吸血鬼的外形上，赫尔佐格几乎是照搬了茂瑙旧版中德古拉的形象：枯槁的面容、光秃的头颅、长得离谱的指甲以及尖锐又惹眼的两颗门牙，这样的处理更贴近原著的描述，毕竟德古拉伯爵是个活了几百年的孤独老者，而非身强体健的英俊小生。从这样一只吸血鬼的脸上，人们是不可能生出“亲近”的念头的。 除了造型之外，阿佳妮和金斯基风格鲜明的人物塑造也为影片增色不少。在出演［诺斯费拉图］之前，阿佳妮已经在［阿黛尔·雨果的故事］和［维奥莱特和弗朗索瓦］里了尽情诠释了什么是疯癫和痴心，阿佳妮身上习惯性神经质、疯癫入髓的气质已经呼之欲出。电影开头是一个阴暗洞穴内的长镜头段落，镜头扫过周围腐坏不堪的尸体，配上阴森的音乐营造出一幅可怖的景象，晃动的画面极有代入感，紧接着是一只硕大的蝙蝠缓慢地挥舞着双翅，然后画面切到了阿佳妮饰演的露西那张惊醒的脸，原来这一切都是露西的梦境，也可视作后来所遭厄运的先兆。阿佳妮在电影大部分的时间里都在思念夫君、花容失色和惊声尖叫这三种状态里切换，所以要说阿佳妮的表演如何惊艳倒也谈不上，不过她的扮相却令人联想起志怪小说中的女妖：黑发、白衫加朱唇，只是阿佳妮那湛蓝的双眸里写满的是全是惊恐而非魅惑。而且阿佳妮那双瞪得又大又圆的双眼，可能也只有［闪灵］里的谢莉·杜瓦尔可以与之相比。而出了名难伺候的“狂人”金斯基，更是长着一张在恐怖指数上能够完爆威廉·达福的脸，他本人在戏外的种种出格举动更是人们永远都说不完的话题。扮演“诺斯费拉图”前，金斯基和赫尔佐格在拍摄［阿基尔，上帝的愤怒］时因为环境的恶劣发生过激烈争执，于是人们担心拍［夜晚的幽灵］的时候金斯基又会爆发，毕竟他每天要花去四个多小时的时间进行化妆，这显然会成为他“撒野”的借口，可这回，他偏偏像个乖巧的孩子，配合得很。金斯基版的“诺斯费拉图”虽然从外形上看是茂瑙旧版的翻新，但金斯基煞白面容下的忧郁眼神，为之赋予了一份脆弱，再加上彬彬有礼的举止，于是乎，吸血鬼的戾气全然不见，取而代之的是德古拉邪恶外表与脆弱内心的对立，充满了戏剧性。 赫尔佐格的佐料 赫尔佐格版的［诺斯费拉图］大致可分为两部分，前半部分为哈克前往古堡寻找德古拉，后半部分是德古拉入侵小镇，散布瘟疫和恐慌直到被消灭。在前半部分中，荒凉的大自然成了导演渲染恐怖氛围的利器，旅途伊始的青葱田园风光逐渐被冷色调镜头捕捉下的洞窟荒野所替代，哈克孤独地前行着。而暗无天日的古堡就像一座囚笼，微弱闪烁的烛火始终让哈克如临幻境，他甚至分不清德古拉在他颈间留下齿痕的那次突袭究竟是梦境还是现实。 到了影片后半段，赫尔佐格场面调度的功力开始显现，例如德古拉和露西的第一次会面。露西位于画面正中央背对观众，镜头则对准了镜中露西的脸，此时，右后方的门忽然打开，却只听见德古拉的脚步声和门上德古拉逐渐扩大的影子（吸血鬼是不会出现在镜子里的），直到德古拉近身，才从画面的右边进入。再看广场上的狂欢，对“瘟疫”放弃抵抗的人们把餐桌搬到广场上，围着篝火跳舞、演奏，周围则是遍地的老鼠，将这仿佛末日来临前的景象拍得既绝望又动人。 赫尔佐格在影片里一面借露西之口说出了“上帝总在我们最需要他的时候远离我们”这样的话，同时又通过对范海辛这个“吸血鬼猎人”的重塑来嘲笑新兴科学的无能，他在片中唯一的成就竟然是对德古拉的“鞭尸”，还将消灭吸血鬼的功劳揽到自己身上。这里的隐喻很有趣，德古拉死于科学所不可解释的神秘（圣洁少女的牵制和阳光），而“科学的代言人”（在片中是范海辛）却将杀死德古拉的胜利果实占为己有。拯救人类的不是上帝，也不是科学，赫尔佐格所嘲弄的不是信仰对象，而是信仰本身，所以范海辛的被捕更像是赫尔佐格的一个玩笑。就像故事最后，被德古拉咬伤而没死的哈克成了新的吸血鬼，策马驶入荒漠的深处，至此，科学信条和神秘主义谁也没有将谁消灭干净。 刊载于《看电影·午夜场》2014年六月号

吸血鬼是长盛不衰的电影题材，大部分都被装进了恐怖类型片的模式，而赫尔佐格却将其拍成了意境悠远、深邃隽永的文艺片。本文拟浅析《诺斯费拉图：夜晚的幽灵》（1979），并推介另外7部吸血鬼电影中的翘楚。 一.影片浅析 作为“德国新电影的意志”，沃纳·赫尔佐格始终关注超乎寻常生活经验的人物与故事，在极端的情境中折射出人类文明表象下的荒芜本质。无论是《陆上行舟》（1982）中唐吉坷德式的理想主义者菲茨杰拉德，还是自诩为“上帝的愤怒”的狂暴独裁者阿基尔，抑或是《人人为自己，上帝反众人》（1974）里二十岁才接触人类社会的卡斯帕尔·豪泽，都在以绝然惊世骇俗的姿态冲击着大众呆板乏味的生活，迫使我们通过全新的视角来审视自己日复一日的存在。而看似已如昨日黄花的《吸血鬼诺斯费拉图》，实而亦是关于异类的书写，血族们享受着世人渴慕的永生特权，却不得不独自行走在永夜的殊途上，背负着无尽的孤独与寂寞。 赫尔佐格选择了御用演员克劳斯·金斯基作为诺斯费拉图的扮演者，包含纪录片在内，两人一共合作7次。金斯基能轻而易举地传达出那种深藏在骨子里的狂热和偏执，赫尔佐格在童年时曾与其同住一栋公寓，在第一眼看到他时，便确立了成为导演的志向，并认为自己“命中注定要拍由金斯基演出的电影”。这位外表凶悍的演员每天需要花费四小时化妆，而诺斯费拉图的蝙蝠耳朵则是一次性的，卸妆后必须重新制作。 露西的扮演者是法兰西国宝级女演员伊莎贝尔·阿佳妮，彼时她已出演了《耳光》《阿黛尔·雨果的故事》《怪房客》等经典影片，但距离首次获得凯撒奖尚差三个年头。这一回，阿佳妮尽管没有尽情展露歇斯底里的疯魔，却犹然透射出为爱痴狂的决心。作为心底澄澈透亮的纯真少女，在无人可施以援手之际，她坚定地选择了牺牲自己，让诺斯费拉图在饱尝鲜血的快悦中忘却鸡鸣的时间，陨灭于阳光下，由此完成社会拯救者与爱情殉难者的角色使命。饰演Renfield的演员Roland Topor同样奉献了卓越的表演，他那止不住的狂笑令人汗毛倒竖，将伯爵奴仆偏执愚忠的性格诠释得淋漓尽致。如果一定要举出表演的不足之处，大概只有扮演乔纳森·哈克尔的布鲁诺·冈茨了吧，他对诺斯费拉图毫无疑虑的态度时常让人出戏，但这个毛病在伯拉姆·斯托克的原著里即有渊源。

似梦非梦的蝙蝠

影片虽然极力延宕了诺斯费拉图的现身，却在开篇就给了观众下马威，长达2分15秒的干尸群像契如对吸血鬼受害者的宏大描摹。一具具面目狰狞的木乃伊瞪视着虚空，阴沉肃穆的铜管乐仿佛没有尽头，无时不在的心脏搏动声愈加反衬出死亡的恐怖。其后，一只蝙蝠出现在银幕左侧，扇动翅膀以慢动作呈现，随即切入露西在噩梦惊醒后的尖叫镜头，乔纳森赶忙安慰爱妻。镜头转入两个以小镇河流与桥梁为对象的空镜头，但摄影机并非固定，而是不断地小幅度抖动颤栗，仿佛仍然惊魂甫定，而不稳定的镜头运动也在预示着悲观的前景。

第一个云雾的固定空镜头

空镜之二，雾掩密林

云雾聚拢

黑云遮天

乔纳森与露丝告别后，在特兰西瓦尼亚借马车未果，只得独自步行前往诺斯费拉图的古堡，摄影机目送着乔纳森远去，随后插入了第一个固定机位空镜头，一簇簇云雾轻拢慢涌，显得神秘莫测（应为延时摄影，下同）。接着是一组摇晃的手持镜头，跟随乔纳森走过瀑布旁狭窄的山道，穿行于逼仄的岩洞之中。山野跋涉之时，固定空镜再度插入，浓雾浮动，密林若隐若现。天色渐趋暗淡，乔纳森兀自独坐于山石上，背对观众，摄影机跟随他回头的视线摇移，云雾正慢慢在山口聚拢，在短暂切回独坐远景后，固定长镜头为我们展现了一个黑云压城的阴郁画面，滚滚浓云近乎完全遮蔽了苍穹，直至夜幕降临。赫尔佐格一向钟情于纪录片般的写实风格，对自然景物的拍摄情有独钟，而本片中大量复现的云雾延时长镜，则让我蓦然联想起黑泽明在《影子武士》（1980）与《乱》（1985）中呈现云彩流变的镜头，而以层云蔽日来营造紧张不安氛围的用意也如出一辙。雨、雪、冰雹等都可以人工模拟，唯有云的流变只能依着大自然的脸色，黑泽明曾经为了拍云而让剧组停工，原地等待数小时，不知赫尔佐格当时费了多少工夫才得以拍摄完这些镜头？

空旷的城堡

经过长时间的铺垫，伯爵终于现身，剃光的脑门，深陷的眼窝，血红的眼轮，蝙蝠状的耳朵，外露的两颗尖牙，发黄的长指甲，种种丑陋的面貌都暗合昼伏夜出的吸血鬼的特征，也与茂瑙版《诺斯费拉图》（1922）中伯爵的形象基本一致。废弃的古堡内部空荡荡的，零星的家具更使空间显得疏落宽敞，彰显出一种令人不安的疏离感。不同于许多恐怖片或心理惊悚片以浴室、电梯、病房、密室等封闭空间极力营造出幽闭恐惧的压迫感，本片的庞大城堡、廖无人烟的山谷、荒原、海滩、遍布棺材的小镇广场都凸显着空旷式恐惧，也在某种程度上与吸血鬼的心境相契合——永恒的孤立与隔绝，无人可以倾谈，遑论爱情。

茂瑙版的报时骷髅

赫尔佐格版的死神座钟

发生在城堡内的情节并没有被草草带过，而是浓墨渲染，一如赫尔佐格其他的电影，节奏沉缓，叙事稳重。一阵狼嚎传来，伯爵称赞其为“夜之子奏响的美乐”（"Listen. The children of the night make their music."），此处实为致敬托德·布朗宁版《德拉库拉》（1931）（"Listen to them. Children of the night. What music they make."）。顶开头盖骨的骷髅敲钟人和手执镰刀的死神钟摆源自茂瑙版《诺斯费拉图》中的报时骷髅，精细的设计传达出独具特色的哥特式美感。伯爵向乔纳森吐露苦衷：“时间是个深渊，幽深如千夜。世纪更替，不能变老很可怕。死亡并不是最坏的，还有比死亡更恐怖的。你能想象经历无数个世纪，日日无所事事的痛苦吗？”（"Time is an abyss... profound as a thousand nights... Centuries come and go... To be unable to grow old is terrible... Death is not the worst...There are things more horrible than death. Can you imagine enduring centuries, experiencing each day the same futilities..."）兴许，吸血鬼的确逃不出永恒孤独的宿命罢，即便是波伏娃笔下的福斯卡，在经历了欧洲六百年的盛衰兴亡与新替更迭史，也终于体认到永生是另一种天谴。而吸血鬼，则无疑是被罚永堕黑暗之渊的种族，无缘亲历参与世事，唯有孤独地徘徊在亘古的荒原之上。

神秘的小提琴男孩

《雾中风景》的老乐师

乔纳森·哈克尔两次逃出城堡，都与拉着小提琴的神秘男孩相遇。断断续续的琴声生涩刺耳，破碎的旋律与男孩的专注神情一起构成了一幅荒诞而苦涩的图景。男孩为何在此时此地练琴？我无法猜出个所以然，只是恍然忆起安哲罗普洛斯《雾中风景》（1988）中小提琴手在没有食客的酒馆门口为亚历山大免费演奏的场景——一个是男孩弹给永生不死的老吸血鬼（或其继承人），另一个却是垂暮之年的乐师为尚不谙世事的男孩奏乐。两位小提琴手的心境各自不同，但想必都体悟着某种孤独中的欣悦之情。

露西倒映于水中的梦游镜像

独坐荒冢中

在叙述乔纳森与伯爵共处期间，三次插入了关于露西的平行组合段：露西又一次在梦魇中惊醒，起身看到飞进房内的蝙蝠正在窗帘上挣扎；身着白衣的露西在睡梦中双臂平伸，缓缓步出房间，梦游的身影倒映在河水中，而正在吮吸乔纳森鲜血的伯爵突然抬起头，好像察觉到了什么；远景镜头中，露西面向大海，独坐于生满荒草的坟丘之上，默默承受着如潮水般涌来的思恋之情，并（在其后一个段落中）告诉赶来的米娜：“上帝总是在我们需要他的时候远离我们”。如此的平行剪辑是之前几部同样改编自伯拉姆·斯托克小说的电影所没有的，赫尔佐格也藉此表达了露西与乔纳森、吸血伯爵间的心灵感应，并愈加使异世界般的神秘气息弥漫在一格格胶片之中。露西独坐于丛丛杂乱无章的墓碑之间的画面，宛若一个凄凉哀伤的隐喻，预示着即将而来的瘟疫将吞噬无数生命，在天地间仅有露西一人有能力挽救败落的小镇。

夜幕下的路灯

茂瑙版诺斯费拉图的经典一幕

只见其影不见其身

嗜血幽灵终于抵达小镇，赫尔佐格在此也重现了茂瑙版《诺斯费拉图》表现主义的光影风格。伯爵亲自抬着白天自己将栖息的棺材，巨大的阴影投映在墙壁上，如同可怖的凶兽。夜色浓稠，广场上寥无人迹，一盏盏分居两翼的路灯向画面纵深延展开来，向银幕外投掷出黄色的尖刺。露西坐在梳妆台前，门吱呀一声打开了，伯爵的黑影突然映入镜子，门迅速合上，伯爵的影子如同穿门而过般再次浮现，蝙蝠耳朵与长指甲的轮廓清晰可见，但直到伯爵的真身从右侧入画为止，镜子中从未显现他的形象。这种只见其影不见其人的奇观，源于吸血鬼无法在镜中成像的传闻，只有门墙上的黑影能间接映照在镜子里。伯爵说：“爱的缺席是最为酷烈的痛苦（The absence of love is the most abject pain.），请给我一些你对乔纳森的爱情吧。” 露丝轻蔑而决绝地回应道：“休想，这样的爱我连上帝也不会给，如果乔纳森不能拥有我的爱，那么没有人能再拥有！” 露丝无疑是坚贞不屈的正面人物，但并不是每个女子都有如此坚定的信念，倘若伯爵拥有克里斯托弗·李、汤姆·克鲁斯或安东尼奥·班德拉斯的俊美外貌，吸血鬼永恒缺爱的命运就有了打破的可能。所以正是在这一点上，丑陋的吸血鬼形象更具悲剧意义。

广场上的末日狂欢

最后的晚餐之后

献祭仪式

黑死病阴云笼罩下的小镇广场，见证了萧条与欢愉并存的古怪景致。起先居民还谨守着葬礼的规制，出殡的队伍整齐有序，及至瘟疫肆虐，人们终于意识到，在不可阻挡的死神面前，所谓文明的礼仪形同一戳即破的梦幻泡影，于是便兀自跳起舞来，与身边的人抓紧时间享受死期来临前的最后狂欢。群鼠猖獗的聚餐场景则更加彰显出浓烈的末世感，几位穿戴光鲜的绅士淑女们围坐在铺着洁白桌布的餐桌前，与无处不在的白老鼠们分享着最后的晚餐，哀婉的圣乐如泣如诉。露丝牺牲自己拯救小镇的献祭拍得充满仪式感，除了插入的蝙蝠飞行慢镜头与圣乐伴奏外，阿佳妮的清纯美貌也功不可没。哥特式浓妆并没有掩盖住阿佳妮的绝代风华，她那雕塑式的脸庞时而呈现出紧张不安的神态，忽而又刻满了勇敢献身后的坦然，间或又激荡着销魂荡魄般的欢愉之情（实际上吸血鬼的摄食行为便是禁忌性性爱的象征）。一袭白衣胜似雪的阿佳妮与一身漆黑如夜色的金斯基，仿若天使与魔鬼的二元对立，永恒不变的矛盾斗争。在至美与至丑的同归于尽中，难以阻挡的悲伤向我袭来。

大漠中的吸血鬼

伯爵已死，新王当立，乔纳森·哈克尔骑着白马向永恒大漠奔去、渐渐远去的同时，夏尔·古诺的圣塞西勒庆典弥撒曲（"Messe solennelle en l'honneur de Sainte Cécile (Cäcilienmesse)"）响彻耳畔，新吸血鬼的启程与圣乐的并置实属莫大的讽刺。赫尔佐格想给我们呈现的是反宗教反现代性（科学理性）的的结局，对范海辛医生的角色改编也昭示了此意：范海辛由对科学与超自然兼收并蓄的正面形象堕落为保守狭隘、反应迟钝的唯科学论者，最终又象征性地被因瘟疫侵袭而形同虚设的司法机关逮捕。在上帝缺席与科学孱弱无力的绝境下，唯有女性矢志不移的爱与恒久不变的献身精神能够焚化吸血鬼这一永恒的存在。吊诡的是，乔纳森并未得到拯救，他不仅承袭了吸血之灵的封印，最终更得以在光天化日之下自由行动，不惧阳光，彻底僭越了吸血鬼传说的元设定。由多少充满悲凉轮回感、又间或夹杂着恶搞气息的收尾，赫尔佐格冲破类型藩篱的反叛意图由此亦昭彰可见。 二.我至爱的7部吸血鬼佳作荐评 《诺斯费拉图》（1922） 导演：F·W·茂瑙 第一部吸血鬼电影，改编自伯拉姆·斯托克1897年出版的《德拉库拉》，因版权原因不得不改换人物名字，对后世吸血鬼影片都有或多或少的影响。马科斯·夏瑞克将形销骨立、形容枯槁的吸血伯爵演绎得入木三分，甚至有传言他本人就是一名真正的吸血鬼。茂瑙对表现主义光影的运用也为后人大为称道。尽管剧情稍显简单，但哥特式的恐怖气氛营造得极其到位，属于影迷必看之作。

贝拉·卢戈西的德拉库拉形象

《吸血鬼》（1931） 导演：托德·布朗宁 茂瑙的吸血鬼丑陋形象在此片被颠覆，贝拉·卢戈西开创了迷人优雅的德古拉风潮，并在其后被约翰·班德汉姆版《德拉库拉》《惊情四百年》《夜访吸血鬼》等多部影片发扬光大。舞台剧演员出身的卢戈西拥有勾魂夺魄的魅力，圆睁双目直勾勾盯人的标志性姿态令人难忘。影片同样以表现主义式的美术设计与氛围渲染见长，尤以颓败古堡内的重重蛛网及无处不在的浓雾为甚。结尾以伯爵呻吟的画外音形式呈现，可以说是独具匠心的反高潮设计，却也有仓促潦草之嫌。以吸血鬼无法在镜中显像来鉴别吸血鬼的桥段源出于此。

德莱叶版《吸血鬼》剧照

《吸血鬼》（1932） 导演：卡尔·西奥多·德莱叶 德莱叶第一部有声片，主要以鬼魅般的影子代替正面形象，塑造了并无异于常人外貌特征的吸血鬼。除了令人毛骨悚然的配乐外，死神、阴影下的天使、骷髅等画面的频繁出现也营造出鬼气森森的惊悚感。大量运动长镜头（如超前的360度横摇长镜头）和局部特写的运用使人着迷。看到自己躺在棺材中的场景比伯格曼《野草莓》早了25年。躺在棺材中的垂直仰拍镜头也是“死者主观视角”技法的先驱。

《吸血鬼生活》剧照

《吸血鬼生活》（2014） 导演：杰梅奈·克莱门特/塔伊加·维迪提 看腻了惊悚片，换换口味也不错。这部伪纪录片形式的吸血鬼喜剧片描述了吸血鬼在当代的各种生活细节，掌镜的摄影师与拍摄对象不断互动，配上穿插的照片和典籍图片，真实感爆棚。英式幽默贯穿全片，关于吸血鬼的各种老梗在影片中都有了颠覆性的解读，满溢后现代式恶搞的剧本能令观众全程笑破肚皮。

《唯爱永生》剧照

《唯爱永生》（2014） 导演：吉姆·贾木许 与《吸血鬼生活》一道构筑起近年来当代吸血鬼的双壁。贾木许的孤傲疏离冷装逼风格与千年血族遗世独立的脾性相得益彰。从深陷危局的汽车之城底特律到风光如画的摩洛哥古城丹吉尔，一对吸血鬼恋人的旅程牵系起无数颓废迷离的小情绪，裹挟着往昔辉煌文明的余烬，更折射出当代吸血鬼生活的种种细枝末节。当然，贯穿全片的艺术与科学的高冷知识与典故隐喻也足以让身为“僵尸”的人类观众直挠头。 影片在叙事上并没有太多实质性情节，但那股优雅冷傲的气格却能久久盘踞于心，余味绵绵。两位主演蒂尔达·斯文顿、汤姆·希德勒斯顿堪称颜值与逼格最高的银幕情侣，其魅力足以使万千“迷妹迷弟”尽折腰，而如此酷炫闷骚的生活方式更令无数文艺青年心向往之。掌握异域诸国的语言，徜徉于文学艺术的殿堂，助推人类文明的演进，冷眼笑看斗转星移，品一杯纯净之血，咂一口血冰糕，弹一曲鲁特琴，夫复何求。

《蝙蝠》剧照

《蝙蝠》（2009） 导演：朴赞郁 这是一场独属于吸血鬼影迷的视听盛宴，酣畅淋漓，有如雪山崩解风暴加身的洗礼。导演对电影语言的把控已至臻化境，肆意自如的运镜与别具匠心的构图，丰富的场景细节与华丽的色彩调配，都令人大呼过瘾，甚而在重温时更加有感。 这是朴赞郁献给现代血族的暗夜诗篇，时而沉静如海，时而炙灼似火。鬼影三明治般奇诡缠绵与《空房间》里的梦幻三人行相映成趣。飞行段落拍得超凡脱俗，吸血鬼在夜色中腾跃飞翔，身姿轻盈，跳起暗夜精灵的华尔兹。犹记那白净如雪的四壁、身着宝蓝色长裙的女主及身前的斑斑血迹，蓝白红的色系搭配，彰显出了人性冰冷清寂底景中的一抹暖意。 这是灵肉挣扎与饥渴诱罪引致的血色悲歌，东方的伦常道德与西方的宗教赎救交互融合。金玉彬的举手投足眼神流变皆是戏，情欲表现力比《色戒》更胜一筹。抽插入嘴的剪刀喻指压抑的性欲，更在其后演变为杀戮吸血的工具。结局感人肺腑——穿上鞋子欣赏海边的日出，一起在阳光下灰飞烟灭，在地狱里再续前缘。

《生人勿进》剧照

吸血鬼艾莉的百年收藏，可以买下核电站的法贝热彩蛋

《生人勿进》（2008） 导演：托马斯·阿尔弗莱德森 如果只能挑一部吸血鬼电影多次观看，我会毫不犹疑地选择这部瑞典电影。影片讲述了一位成长于单亲家庭、在校饱受欺凌的12岁男孩奥斯卡与外表同龄的吸血鬼邻居艾莉之间的感情故事。 北欧白雪皑皑的环境与慢长的极夜与吸血鬼的内质性特征极为契合，冰冷，安静，孤独，疏离。视听语言上，导演的处理也可用含蓄蕴藉、冷静克制来概括。影片毫无不稳定的镜头运动（如手持、突兀的跳跃等）及快速剪辑，而频繁出现的浅景深镜头及移焦处理，恍若给部分环境罩上了一层披纱，愈加彰显出一种与世隔绝之感。几个透过窗户拍摄的镜头及不断复现的镜面反照式调度亦暗涌出轻云淡烟的朦胧美。 影片的配乐在大半时间内都保持着轻缓忧伤的调子，缓缓流淌的钢琴曲与慢拍的器乐独奏足以使幽凉孤寂的情感郁结在心灵最深的角落。至于传统商业惊悚/恐怖片中的那类累积悬念或吓人一跳的配乐则始终缺席。比配乐更加难忘的部分当属高潮的泳池场景，导演以一个固定机位长镜头配合画外空间叙事，足以触动观众的心弦。 奥斯卡与艾莉之间跨越种族与年龄的情谊令人心潮起伏，两人相互切磋魔方的技巧，隔着墙壁用摩尔斯电码来沟通心灵，经历了打破小镇平静生活的意外事件，体认着彼此间的情愫逐渐升温，及至直面引起尴尬与好奇的身份问题，并最终坦诚携手，踏上宿命般的孤独与杀戮之旅。这部寒意彻骨却又情暖人心的吸血鬼影片，以最为熨帖的形式观视和体察了吸血鬼传说的内核——吸血鬼永恒孤独与飘零的处境。

爱情短暂，孤独长存

人们究竟为何一再书写人类与异族间的不羁情缘？关于血族的传闻逸事为何如此经久不衰？吸血鬼电影为何能紧紧攫住一代代观众的心？艾莉说：逃离才能找到生路，一味流连只有死亡。而在我以为，永生始终是人类孜孜以求却又难以触及的愿想，而我们最酷烈的梦魇则是永远被放逐在炼狱之中，承受无穷无尽的痛苦。或而这便是吸血鬼这一充满矛盾与悖论的物种之所以创生的原始因由之一吧。然而身为沉沦于生老病死苦的凡人，我们注定无法真正踏上吸血鬼的无涯之旅，也正是由此，人与血族的不伦之恋才会深入人心。无法成为永恒，便想成全所爱对象的永恒，哪怕自己只能为对方的不朽长河贡献一滴微末的水珠。更何况，在单调忙碌的生存轨迹中，我们太需要一个欲望对象，他/她/它能赐予我们挣断生活锁链的勇气，一扫冷漠与疲惫的雾霭，激荡出粉碎一切的情感迸发。 【版权所有，禁止转载】 相关链接： 【图文影记】冰雪净土上的血色赎救——《生人勿进》超详细拉片分析 //movie.douban.com/review/7922556/

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